Museu Virtual dos Tijolos Antigos.
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A Mesopotâmia.
Zigurate Ur-Nammu 2124-2107aC
O Zigurate de Ur apresenta-se como o templo-torre mais bem preservado de todos aqueles que foram construídos pelos mestres da civilização da Mesopotâmia. As suas ruínas representam o Templo de Nanna erguido na cidade de Ur, por vontade do primeiro rei da terceira dinastia, o governante Ur-Nammu, que reinou entre 2113 e 2095 a. C. e pelo seu filho Shulgi, que lhe sucedeu no trono em 2095, e reinou até 2047 a. C..
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The History of
Bricks: Mesopotamia
And now I must
describe how the soil dug out to make the moat was used, and the method of
building the wall. While the digging was going on, the earth that was shoveled
out was formed into bricks, which were baked in kilns as soon as sufficient
number were made; then using hot bitumen for mortar, the workmen began at
revetting the brick each side of the moat, and then went on to erect the actual
wall. In both cases they laid rush-mats between every thirty courses of bricks.
— Herodotus, i. 179 (of Babylon)
The area that
comprises modern-day Iraq was originally inhabited by a people who invented the
arch, the column, the wheel, algebra, geometry, astronomy, and the potter’s
wheel. However, 11,500 years ago, during a period that is called Pre-Pottery
Neolithic A, people there lived much more simply, in round buildings with outer
structures made of mud brick. They lived in upper Mesopotamia and the
Levantine, in the Fertile Crescent. Later and further south, lay Sumer and its
people, the Sumerians. They were the first to develop a written means of
communication; they wrote on clay tablets in a hand that evolved from
pictograms to cuneiform. Literature was important to them and the work we would
recognize most easily today is the Epic of Gilgamesh. Sumerians were
pantheistic and their temple, the ziggurat, was an ascending rise of mud
bricks. Other famous Mesopotamian places names include Babylon and Assyria.
Hammurabi and his code, a set of laws,
is among Babylon’s legacy. It has been noted that some of the bases of
Babylonian temples were mud brick only, some were mud brick with fired clay
faces, some with stone faces. Regardless, the Babylonians were the first to
fire clay. There is other evidence of the use of clay for daily living. Axe
heads of clay have been found, as has weaponry in the form of sling bolts and
bullets, also found were nail-shaped objects made of clay, thought to be used
as pestles or as a tool for tanning, in addition according to Peter Roger
Stuart Moorey’s Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and industries: The
Archaeological Evidence. It makes perfect sense that that clay would be used
for such objects in clay-rich areas, especially in the absence of other
building materials. The following chart
is also from Moorey and it shows the “partial chemical composition of clay and
sherds from Babylon and Kish.”
Fonte:
http://janestreetclayworks.com/2011/02/16/the-history-of-bricks-mesopotamia/
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O
Zigurate de Ur foi construído para o deus da lua, Nanna, entre os anos de 2113
e 2096 a.C., e é um dos que se conservam em melhor estado, graças a
Nabucodonosor II, cujo reinado durou entre 605 - 562 a.C., que ordenou sua
reconstrução depois que os acádios o destruíram.
O templo consistia em sete pavimentos e o
santuário ficava no terraço superior. Acredita-se que na reconstrução tentou-se
copiar a famosa Torre de Babel, hoje destruída. O acesso ao último pavimento
era feito por escadarias intermináveis e estreitas que rodeavam os muros.
http://www.lmc.ep.usp.br/people/hlinde/Estruturas/ur.htm
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Mesopotâmia.
Galerias de Tijolos Antigos.
Elamite cuneiform on a brick.
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